What is the Stanford 10 test? A guide to the SAT10 achievement battery

The Stanford 10 test, formally the Stanford Achievement Test Series, Tenth Edition (SAT10), is a "norm-referenced" academic achievement battery published by Pearson for students in kindergarten through grade 12. Norm-referenced means every score is interpreted by comparison with a national sample of students in the same grade, rather than against a fixed passing mark. According to Pearson, the series has provided a measure of academic achievement toward state and national standards for more than a century, spanning language, reading, math, science, and social science domains. This article covers what the test measures, how it is administered, how to read its scores, who uses it today, and how it differs from two tests it is constantly confused with: the Stanford-Binet intelligence test and the college admissions SAT.

The Stanford 10 is a multiple-choice battery of "subtests," short tests that each target one academic area. Pearson describes the content as spanning language, reading, mathematics, science, and social science, with subtests that include Reading Comprehension, Sounds and Letters, Mathematics, Language, Spelling, and Listening. The exact mix of subtests depends on the level a student takes.

Those levels follow the school years. The paper edition comes in two forms, Form A and Form D, each with 13 levels that step up from kindergarten through grade 12. Testing services that distribute the battery label the levels SESAT for kindergarten and early first grade, Primary 1 through 3 for the early elementary grades, Intermediate 1 through 3 for the upper elementary and middle grades, Advanced 1 and 2 for junior high, and TASK 1 through 3 for high school.

The battery measures curriculum mastery, meaning what a student has actually learned in school subjects. It does not attempt to measure reasoning ability or intelligence, a distinction this article returns to below. One extra feature worth noting: Pearson reports that students who take the full-length Reading Comprehension subtest can also receive a Lexile score, a common metric that helps match children to books at an appropriate reading difficulty.

A notable feature of the Stanford 10 is that it is untimed. Pearson lists a completion time of about 2.25 to 5.5 hours depending on level, administered without time limits, and testing services that serve homeschool families describe the schedule as "untimed with flexible guidelines," typically spread across two to five days. The flexible format is intended to measure what students know rather than how quickly they can work, and it makes the test practical to give in small private schools and at kitchen tables as well as in classrooms.

Administration details, per the publisher:

• Formats: paper-and-pencil for grades K-12 or online for grades 3-12, given individually or in groups.

• Forms and scoring: Form A can be machine scored, while Form D is scored by hand; online administrations are scored immediately in the platform.

• Norms: Pearson lists a 2018 publication date for the current materials, with separate fall and spring grade-based norms so a student is compared against peers tested at the same point in the school year.

• Who can give it: distributors such as Triangle Education Assessments require the paper test administrator to hold a four-year college degree in any discipline and complete brief training; the Home School Legal Defense Association notes that the online version has no degree requirement.

Because the Stanford 10 is norm-referenced, its scores describe standing relative to other students in the same grade nationwide. Pearson reports several score types, and each answers a slightly different question.

• Percentile rank: the percentage of same-grade students in the norm sample who scored at or below your child's score. A percentile rank of 70 means the student outscored about 70 percent of the national comparison group. This is a rank, so it is different from percent correct.

• Stanine: short for "standard nine," a compressed 1 to 9 scale where 5 is average. Stanines are deliberately coarse, which discourages overinterpreting small differences between scores.

• Scaled score: a score on a single continuous scale that runs across all grade levels. Pearson notes that scaled scores represent performance on a continuous growth scale, which lets schools track progress from year to year and support out-of-level testing.

• Grade equivalent and NCE: a "grade equivalent" (GE) expresses performance in school-year terms, and a "normal curve equivalent" (NCE) is a 1 to 99 scale used mainly for program evaluation. Grade equivalents are widely misread; a fourth grader with a GE of 6.2 in math performed like a strong fourth grader, and the score does not mean the child is ready for sixth-grade work.

None of these scores use the familiar IQ metric with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. If you want a deeper look at how schools use ability scores alongside achievement scores, see our article on whether schools test for IQ.

Most public schools now administer their own state accountability tests, so the Stanford 10's main audiences are private schools and homeschooling families. Triangle Education Assessments, a Pearson-authorized distributor, states plainly that its paper edition can only be rented by a homeschool or private school.

For homeschoolers, the test often serves a legal purpose. The Home School Legal Defense Association notes that some states require standardized achievement testing at set intervals and that families should check whether their state accepts a given test. The Stanford 10 is a common choice because it is nationally normed, untimed, and can be administered at home by a parent who meets the administrator requirements, or through homeschool co-ops, umbrella schools, and testing services. Many private schools also pair it with the Otis-Lennon School Ability Test (OLSAT8), a reasoning measure normed on the same sample, which allows an achievement-ability comparison for each student.

The name causes real confusion, so it is worth being precise about what the Stanford 10 is not.

• Not the Stanford-Binet: the Stanford-Binet is an individually administered intelligence test, given one-on-one by a trained examiner, that measures reasoning ability and produces an IQ score. The Stanford 10 is a group-administered achievement test that measures learned academic content and produces percentile ranks and related scores. The shared "Stanford" traces to the tests' historical origins rather than any current connection. For the intelligence test, see our full guide to the Stanford-Binet test.

• Not the college SAT: the abbreviation "SAT10" makes this mix-up almost inevitable, but the SAT that high school students take for college admissions is a separate test from College Board, now delivered digitally through its Bluebook application. A tenth grader taking the Stanford 10 at a private school is having achievement measured for the school's records, which has nothing to do with college applications.

If a school describes a "Stanford test" on a child's record, the grade level and score types are the quickest tell. Percentile ranks and stanines across reading, math, and language point to the Stanford 10. A single IQ score from a one-on-one session points to the Stanford-Binet.

Achievement tests and intelligence tests answer different questions. The Stanford 10 asks how much of the taught curriculum a student has mastered, so a bright child in a weak instructional program can post mediocre Stanford 10 scores, and a diligently drilled student can score well above what their reasoning ability alone would predict. That is why Pearson pairs the battery with the OLSAT8, which the publisher describes as a general ability indicator showing how well a student learns rather than what has already been learned. Schools that want a fuller picture often give both, or use a reasoning measure such as the one covered in our article on the CogAT test.

For adults, curriculum-based scores from childhood say even less, because the material fades while reasoning ability remains measurable. Readers who want to measure reasoning directly can take the RIOT IQ test, the Reasoning and Intelligence Online Test, developed by RIOT IQ with psychometrician Dr. Russell T. Warne for adults 18 and older. It includes 15 subtests across six cognitive indices (verbal reasoning, fluid reasoning, spatial ability, working memory, processing speed, and reaction time), takes about 52 minutes, and reports scores on the familiar mean-100, standard-deviation-15 IQ scale. It measures reasoning rather than curriculum mastery, and like any online test it does not replace an individually administered diagnostic evaluation. You can learn more or take the test at riotiq.com.

No. The Stanford 10 is an achievement test that measures learned academic content in areas such as reading, mathematics, and language. IQ tests such as the Stanford-Binet measure reasoning ability and are scored on a different scale.

Pearson publishes the paper edition for kindergarten through grade 12 and the online edition for grades 3 through 12, with 13 levels matched to grade and time of year.

No. Pearson lists completion times of roughly 2.25 to 5.5 hours administered untimed, and homeschool testing services typically spread the battery over two to five days with flexible guidelines.

Scores are relative to a national sample, so a percentile rank of 50 is exactly average for the grade. Percentile ranks above 75 indicate clearly above-average achievement, and stanines of 7 to 9 fall in the above-average band.

Yes, through authorized testing services. The paper edition generally requires the administrator to hold a bachelor's degree and complete brief training, while the online edition has no degree requirement, according to the Home School Legal Defense Association.

No. Despite the abbreviation SAT10, the Stanford 10 is a K-12 achievement battery from Pearson, while the college admissions SAT is a separate test published by College Board.

1. Pearson. (2018). Stanford Achievement Test Series, Tenth Edition (SAT10). Pearson Assessments. pearsonassessments.com

2. Pearson. (n.d.). Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, Eighth Edition (OLSAT8). Pearson Assessments. pearsonassessments.com

3. Triangle Education Assessments. (n.d.). Stanford 10 (SAT/10). triangleeducationassessments.com

4. Home School Legal Defense Association. (n.d.). Which standardized test and setting should I choose?. hslda.org

5. College Board. (n.d.). The SAT. satsuite.collegeboard.org

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